Literatura
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Nos tempos antigos, a língua húngara era escrita com um alfabeto rúnico (no entanto ela não foi utilizada na literatura, devido aos interesses de uma interpretação moderna para ela). O país mudou para o alfabeto latino após ser cristianizado sob o reino de Estevão I(1000-1038). Não existem documentos anteriores ao século XI, sendo o mais antigo relato em húngaro um fragmento do documento de fundação da Abadia de Tihany(1055), na qual contém muitos termos húngaros, entre elas as palavras feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "até a estrada militar de Fehérvár". O resto do documento está em latim. O mais antigo texto completo é o "Sermão e Oração para Funeral" (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a tradução de um sermão em Latim. O mais antigo poema é o "Lamentos de Maria", tradução do Latim do século XIII. É também o mais antigo poema Fino-Úgrico. Entre as primeiras crônicas sobre a história húngara está o Gesta Hungarorum("Feitos dos Húngaros") e o Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Feitos dos Hunos e dos Húngaros") por Simon Kézai. Ambos em latim. Tais crônicas misturam história com lendas, mas historicamente elas não são sempre certas. Outra crônica conhecida é a Képes krónika ("Crônica Ilustrada"), que foi escrita por Luis, o Grande.
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O iluminismo húngaro aconteceu aproximadamente cinqüenta anos depois se comparados ao iluminismo da Europa Ocidental. Os novos pensamentos chegaram à Hungria através de Viena. Os primeiros escritores do iluminismo húngaro foram György Bessenyei e János Batsányi. Contemporâneos à eles, Mihály Csokonai Vitéz e Dániel Berzsenyi eram os grandes poetas da época e a grande figura da reforma da língua era Ferenc Kazinczy. Através dessa reforma, a língua húngara tornou-se praticável para explanações científicas, com a criação de muitas palavras novas para descrever as novas invenções, preservando assim a língua húngara.
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.Literatura
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Os poetas mais importantes da Hungria são Sándor Petőfi, János Arany, Endre Ady e Attila József. Autores importantes na prosa são Mór Jókai e Imre Kertész, que recebeu o Prémio Nobel da Literatura em 2002. No drama húngaro, o autor mais importante é József Katona.
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Literature
Main article: Hungarian literature
In the earliest times Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script (although it was not used for literature purposes in the modern interpretation). The country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000–1038). There are no existing documents from the pre-11th century era.
The oldest written record in Hungarian is a fragment in the founding document of the Abbey of Tihany (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "up the military road to Fehérvár" The rest of the document was written in Latin.
The oldest complete text is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon.
The oldest poem is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Finno-Ugric poem.
Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great.
The oldest written record in Hungarian is a fragment in the founding document of the Abbey of Tihany (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "up the military road to Fehérvár" The rest of the document was written in Latin.
The oldest complete text is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon.
The oldest poem is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Finno-Ugric poem.
Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great.
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Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias (1458–1490). Janus Pannonius, although wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by András Hess, in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum. Matthias Corvinus's library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was among Europe's greatest collections of secular historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the fifteenth century. In 1489, Bartolomeo della Fonte of Florence wrote that Lorenzo de Medici founded his own Greek-Latin library encouraged by the example of the Hungarian king. Corvinus's library is part of UNESCO World Heritage. Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance: Bálint Balassi (poet) , Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos (poet).
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The most important poets of the period was Bálint Balassi (1554–1594) and Miklós Zrínyi (1620–1664). Balassi's poetry shows Mediaeval influences, his poems can be divided into three sections: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic Szigeti veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", written in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to the Iliad, and recounts the heroic Battle of Szigetvár, where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár. Among the religious literary works the most important is the Bible translation by Gáspár Károli (The second Hungarian translation in the history), the Protestant pastor of Gönc, in 1590. The translation is called the Bible of Vizsoly, after the town where it was first published. (See Hungarian Bible translations for more details.)
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The Hungarian enlightenment was delayed about fifty years compared to the Western European enlightenment. The new thoughts arrived to Hungary across Vienna. The first enlightened writers were Maria Theresia's bodyguards (György Bessenyei, János Batsányi and so on). The greatest poets of the time were Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Dániel Berzsenyi. The greatest figure of the language reform was Ferenc Kazinczy. The Hungarian language became feasible for scientific explanations from this time, and furthermore many new words were coined for describing new inventions.
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Hungarian literature has recently gained some renown outside the borders of Hungary (mostly through translations into German, French and English). Some modern Hungarian authors have become increasingly popular in Germany and Italy especially Sándor Márai, Péter Esterházy, Péter Nádas and Imre Kertész. The latter is a contemporary Jewish writer who survived the Holocaust and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 2002. The older classics of Hungarian literature and Hungarian poetry have remained almost totally unknown outside Hungary. János Arany, a famous nineteenth century Hungarian poet is still much loved in Hungary (especially his collection of Ballads), among several other "true classics" like Sándor Petőfi, the poet of the Revolution of 1848, Endre Ady, Mihály Babits, Dezső Kosztolányi, Attila József and János Pilinszky. Other well-known Hungarian authors are Ferenc Móra, Géza Gárdonyi, Zsigmond Móricz, Gyula Illyés, Albert Wass and Magda Szabó.
ungarian literature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hungarian literature is literature written in the Hungarian language, predominantly by Hungarians. Hungarian literature may also include literature written in another language than Hungarian (mostly Latin) which is significant due to its Hungary-related topic or if it includes fragments in Hungarian. While virtually unknown in the Anglosphere for centuries, Hungary's literature gained renown by the end of the 20th century thanks to a new wave of internationally accessible writers like Antal Szerb, Sándor Márai, Imre Kertész and Magda Szabó.Contents |
Middle Ages and before
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The beginning of the history of Hungarian language as such (and so the proto-Hungarian period) is set to 1000 B.C., when – according to current scientific understanding – it separated from its closest relatives, the Ob-Ugric languages.
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In the earliest times Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script (although it was not used for literature purposes in the modern interpretation). The country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I (1000–1038). There are no existing documents from the pre-11th century era.
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The Old Hungarian counted from 896 A.D., when the Hungarians occupied the Carpathian Basin, settled down and started to build their own state. Not long after followed the creation of the first written extant records.
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The oldest written record in Hungarian is a fragment in the founding document of the Abbey of Tihany (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "up the military road to Fehérvár" (referring to the place where the abbey was built). (This text is probably to be read as Fehérü váru reá meneü hodu utu reá with today's spelling and it would sound as a Fehérvárra menő had[i] útra in today's Hungarian.) The rest of the document was written in Latin.
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The oldest complete text is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon. (See also Funerary text and the links below.)
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The oldest poem is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Finno-Ugric poem.
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Both the Funeral Sermon and the Lamentations are hard to read and not quite comprehensible for modern-day Hungarians, mostly because the 26-letter Latin alphabet was not fit to represent all the sounds in Hungarian language, as diacritic marks and double letters had not been developed yet.
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During the Middle Ages and well into the Renaissace the language of writing was mostly Latin. Important Latin-language documents include the Admonitions of St. Stephen, which includes the king's admonitions to his son, Prince Imre.
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Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great.
Renaissance and Baroque
Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias (1458–1490). Janus Pannonius, although wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by András Hess, in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum..
In the 1526 most of Hungary fell under Ottoman occupation, which date is where the beginning of Middle Hungarian Period is set, in connection with various cultural changes.
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The most important poets of the period was Bálint Balassi (1554–1594) and Miklós Zrínyi (1620–1664). Balassi's poetry shows Mediaeval influences, his poems can be divided into three sections: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic Szigeti veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", written in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to The Iliad, and recounts the heroic Battle of Szigetvár, where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár.
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 | This section requires expansion. |
Enlightenment and the language reform
The Hungarian enlightenment delayed about fifty years compared to the Western European enlightenment. The new thoughts arrived to Hungary across Vienna. The first enlightened writers were Maria Theresia's bodyguards (György Bessenyei, János Batsányi and so on). The greatest poets of the time was Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Dániel Berzsenyi..
The greatest figure of the language reform was Ferenc Kazinczy. The Hungarian language became feasible for scientific explanations this time, farther a lot of new words were coined for describing new inventions (for example, mozdony, which means locomotive. Previously the term lokomotív was used.)
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Romanticism and Reform period
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20th century
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Gallery
See also
- List of Hungarian writers, Category:Hungarian writers
- Category:Hungarian poets
- Category:Hungarian novelists
- Category:Hungarian journalists
External links
General
- A History of Hungarian Literature (From the Earliest Times to the mid-1970s) by Lóránt Czigány
- Albert Tezla: Hungarian authors – A bibliographical handbook
- An overview of Hungarian literature by Daniel Abondolo
- A brefer view, from the 'same' source
- Hungarian literature
- János Kőbányai,Sándor Márai: a smoldering within,"Eretz Acheret"Magazine
- Hungarian Literature Online
- The Hungarian Electronic Library
- Database for translations of Hungarian literary works
- Selected bibliographies of important Hungarian authors
- Magyar poems
- Magyar poetry
- Poetry of the Magyars
Specific sources
Literary chapters from the Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica (1–5)
- The Remains of Oral Tradition; The Beginning of Literacy (from the beginnings till 1038)
- The External Conditions of Literature; The Characteristics of the Contents of Literature; The Authors; The Works (1038-1301)
- The Level of Education; Authors, Genres, Works (1301-1437)
- Hungarian Literature; Latin Literature; Humanist Literature (1437-1526)
- Hungarian Literature; Turkish Literature (1526-1699)
- (The English translation of volumes 6 to 9 are in preparation.)
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